*To remind,
LITHIUM: Canada ends its partnerships with Chinese companies
Lithium, rare earths and copper are metals whose supply is critical at a time of energy transition.
In Africa, projects related to these resources are often developed by Australian or Canadian companies, with the support of Chinese entities.
The Government of Canada last week ended the partnership linking three local mining juniors to Chinese companies. Ottawa has indeed ordered the Chinese entities to sell their stakes in the three publicly traded companies, Power Metals Corp, Ultra Lithium and Lithium Chile.
These three companies have in common to own one or more lithium projects in Canada, Argentina or Chile, the last two countries being among the world's largest producers of lithium. Specialized in the production of lithium, Sinomine holds 5.7% in Power Metals, against 14.2% for Zangge Mining in Ultra Lithium and 19.2% for Chengxin Lithium in Lithium Chile.
These various participations are supplemented by the provision of the funds necessary for the development of the projects held by the Canadian juniors, with the intention for the companies of the middle empire to secure very early the supply of lithium to supply the booming Chinese electric battery industry.
Reasons given
For the Canadian government, this involvement of Chinese companies therefore constitutes a "threat to national security [and] supply chains of essential minerals, both internally and abroad".
To this end, Ottawa has strengthened its policy on investments in essential minerals (lithium, but also rare earths, tantalum, cesium, etc.).
These are indeed resources considered to be critical, because they are essential, among other things, for the production of batteries for electric vehicles, advanced electronic devices, or military equipment such as fighter planes from the United States, a member country of NATO and Canada's ally.
And China dominates up to 90% of the world's supply of rare earths, has the largest factories for the production of electric batteries, but also has interests in several lithium mines in Latin America.
However, in the past, this predominance of China over metals has already been used by Beijing to defend its interests, in this case against the Japanese rival.
While tensions between Washington (and its European allies as well as Canada) and China have increased in recent years, the former cities are more worried than ever about this dependence on the Middle Empire and are trying reduce it by diversifying their supply.
Start of a bigger boycott ?
For mining juniors affected by the Canadian government's recent decision and those who could follow if Canada does not change tack, the main challenge will be to find other partners to finance their projects.
In the mining sector, companies called juniors often need to form partnerships with companies with more financial means to develop the projects on which they are working until the end.
If they cannot find this financing, some juniors simply make the decision to sell the project after the initial exploration work.
In Africa last year, several agreements between Australian juniors and Chinese companies were signed, for example, to exploit lithium in Mali and the DRC.
This is the case of the Malian Goulamina project of the Australian Leo Lithium financed by the Chinese Ganfeng and the Manono project of the Australian AVZ co-financed by the Chinese Ganfeng Lithium (again) and Suzhou CATH Energy Technologies.
During the period, however, trade tensions opposed the two countries of origin of these companies (Australia and China), but neither of the two governments took action against these mining agreements.
However, Canberra has already prevented the Chinese Yibin Tianyi from taking a stake in AVZ Minerals last April, blocking in the same way a similar investment by the Chinese public group Baogang in Northern Minerals, a company active in a rare earth deposit in Western Australia.
To these trade tensions, which have waned in intensity this year, we must now add geopolitical tensions, linked to the rapprochement between Australia and the United States.
The first notably broke in 2021 an agreement to purchase nuclear submarines from France to obtain supplies from the second, a prelude to other arms sales agreements signed between the two countries in recent months.
If these tensions between countries with divergent interests worsen, it cannot be ruled out that in the future the Australian authorities will continue, with Canada and the United States, their geopolitical standoff in the field of strategic metals, including lithium and rare earths, with potential consequences for African producing countries.
These are resources that Africa possesses and is preparing to exploit more meaningfully.
According to the Ecofin Pro database, which compiles 25 lithium projects in Africa, 15 are operated by Australian companies and 3 by Canadian companies.
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