China jumps ahead in the rush to secure lithium from Africa
China’s early move to tap new centers of lithium supply across Africa is reaping rewards, helping the top electric-vehicle battery producer navigate a tight market for the key metal.
Spurred by a flurry of investment from Chinese companies, mines across the continent are forecast to increase production of lithium raw materials more than 30-fold from last year’s volume by 2027, according to S&P Global Commodity Insights.
Africa will account for 12% of global supply by then, compared with 1% in 2022.
Diversifying supply sources will boost China’s efforts to defend its dominance in EV metals processing — transforming raw materials like lithium, nickel and cobalt into chemicals used in battery components — while the US ratchets up efforts to build out its own supply networks with free-trade partners and allies like Canada and Australia.
“It is a sure thing that Africa will play an important role for China,” particularly as an alternative source of raw materials to Australia, currently the top supplier and where exports could be constrained as domestic refineries come online, said Peng Xu, a Beijing-based analyst for BloombergNEF.
Mali, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Zimbabwe could all join the ranks of top mined-lithium producers by the end of the decade, according to BNEF data.
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A first shipment of lithium concentrate reached Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt Co. last month from a Zimbabwe project, while Chengxin Lithium Group Co. said its Sabi Star lithium mine started production in the country.
Ganfeng Lithium Group Co. has invested in the Goulamina mine in Mali, while Contemporary Amperex Technology Co. has a unit that’s backed a project in the DRC. Sichuan Yahua Industrial Group Co. has a stake in a project in Ethiopia.
“Chinese investment in Africa is definitely the largest source of capital for battery material supply in recent years,” said Martin Jackson, London-based head of battery raw materials at CRU Group.
Investments in new regions are crucial for China’s supply chain to keep up with demand from its manufacturers, he said.
China’s battery producers, led by CATL and BYD Co., topped 1 terawatt-hours of production capacity in 2022 and are continuing to expand, BNEF said last month.
The US is also examining options for raw materials supply from Africa, but so far has only a few tentative plans, including preliminary cooperation agreements with the DRC and Zambia, said Alice Yu, a metals and mining analyst at S&P Global Commodity Insights.
“It will also take greater scrutiny for Africa to be included as a trade deal-friendly supplier,” she said.
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Global supply of lithium raw materials is forecast to jump 35% this year, with about half that total coming from entirely new operations, BNEF said in a June 30 report.
The market for lithium resources will remain tight this year and in 2024, though it’s expected to ease from 2025 as more projects are commissioned, including across Africa and in Canada.
Still, nations in Africa are likely to follow other countries in seeking to keep more revenue from lithium supplies at home by adding processing or refining plants that can raise the value of exports.
Zimbabwe and Namibia have recently introduced measures to discourage or prohibit exports of raw lithium ore.
Morocco, which has a free trade agreement with the US, is already emerging as a potential hub for EV battery production, with advantages including its proximity to Europe and an abundance of phosphate needed in lithium iron phosphate, or LFP, cells.
The nation’s government earlier this year said Chinese battery manufacturer Gotion High-Tech Co. reached a preliminary deal to build Africa’s first major EV battery factory, which would have annual capacity of 100 gigawatts and require investment of €6 billion ($6.5 billion).
www.mining.com
*Fyi, To add, Re:- The whole China v Africa thing, Check out what one "Not so Corrupt African Country" is up to, while back at Dodge City in the Dodgy DRC they're still sitting on their Despicably Corrupt Hands with their Heads up their Arses and Faces covered in Egg ffs
Huayou commissions $300 million Zimbabwe lithium plant
Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt on Wednesday commissioned a lithium concentrator in Zimbabwe as it seeks to consolidate its position as one of the world’s top battery materials producers.
Huayou acquired the Arcadia hard rock deposit, 40 kilometres outside Harare, from Australia-listed Prospect Resources for $422 million in April 2022.
The Chinese company invested a further $300 million to build a plant to produce 450,000 metric tons of lithium concentrates annually.
The Arcadia plant took nine months to construct and started exporting concentrates in April after the plant went into trial production, George Fang, Huayou vice president and chairman of the Zimbabwe unit, said in a speech to mark the commissioning.
“We have exported close to 30,000 metric tons. This equates to $40 million in revenue generation,” Fang said.
Zimbabwe’s President Emmerson Mnangagwa, who officiated at the commissioning, said the southern African country hopes its huge hard rock lithium resources will help revive its struggling economy.
“Lithium is a mineral of the present and the future.
It is beneficial and will position our country in the global lithium value chain,” Mnangagwa said.
Zimbabwe’s government wants lithium miners operating in the country to go beyond producing lithium concentrates and process battery-grade lithium.
Trevor Barnard, deputy general manager of Huayou’s Zimbabwe unit, said the company was undertaking feasibility studies on further processing.
“We are not at the battery stage yet, it will take a regional approach from quite a few mines coming together to do beneficiation (processing),” Barnard told Reuters.
Chinese firms including Huayou, Sinomine Resource Group, Chengxin Lithium Group, Yahua Group and Canmax Technologies have spent more than $1 billion over the past two years to acquire and develop lithium projects in Zimbabwe.
London-listed Premier African Minerals has said it will start producing lithium concentrates from its Zulu mine in southern Zimbabwe this year despite a delay caused by a plant defect.
mining.com
*To Remind,
Top 5 Lithium Projects in Africa by Estimated Production
Africa’s geologically prospective regions and abundant natural resources make it an attractive destination for investment.
With the increasing demand for minerals like lithium in clean energy technologies, Africa is witnessing the launch of large-scale projects aiming to become a global lithium hub and benefit from the energy transition trends.
Goulamina Mine, Mali: 831,000 tpa
Representing the first hard rock lithium mine in West Africa,
the Goulamina mine – located near Bamako, the capital city of Mali – ranks as one of the world’s largest spodumene projects.
Developed by Leo Lithium – a joint venture between global lithium chemical producer Ganfeng and mineral company Firefinch (formerly Birimian) – the mine’s 27-month development program is well underway, with first concentrate targeted for early 2024.
Development is being undertaken through a two-phase approach, with Stage 1 targeting the production of 506,000 tons per annum (tpa) of concentrate and Stage 2 targeting 831,000 tpa. To date, the first stage of the project is fully funded.
Manono Mine, DRC: 700,000 tpa
Located in the Democratic Republic of Congo,
the Manono Mine is an open-pit project boasting an estimated 93 million tons of reserves. Lying within the mid-Proterozoic Kibaran Belt, a scoping study was released in 2018 kickstarting the development of the mine.
While production was initially targeted at 410,000 tpa of lithium concentrate, revised studies have increased this target to approximately 700,000 tpa.
In 2022, the mine’s developer AVZ Minerals announced that the company was moving ahead with the early works program with first spodumene concentrate planned for late 2023.
However, progress has been delayed due to disputes regarding the mine’s ownership.
Bikita Mine, Zimbabwe: 412,000 tpa
Located in
Zimbabwe’s Masvingo Province, the Bikita Mine represents the largest-known lithium deposit worldwide, with reserves measured at 11 million tons.
With operations dating back six decades, the Bikita Mine represents the only major producing lithium mine in operation in Africa, producing an average 60,000 tpa since 1950.
In 2023, the mine’s operator Sinomine Resource Group announced plans to increase the production of lithium concentrate to approximately 412,000 tons per year following a $200 million investment announced last year.
Arcadia Mine, Zimbabwe: 400,000 tpa
Representing the world’s biggest hard rock lithium resources,
the Arcadia Mine is an open-pit project located near Zimbabwe’s capital city, Harare.
Previously owned by Australia’s Prospect Resources, China’s Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt acquired the mine in 2022 for $422 million.
With a mine life of 18 years, estimated production is measured at 400,000 tpa of lithium concentrate. In March 2023, Huayou commenced trial production.
Ewoyaa Mine, Ghana: 225,000 tpa
The Ewoyaa Mine, located approximately 100km south-west of the capital city of Accra, represents the first lithium producing mine in Ghana.
Developed by Atlantic Lithium, the project aims to exploit the Ewoyaa, Abonko and Kaampakrom deposits in Western Ghana.
A pre-feasibility study was conducted in September 2022, determining a mine life of 12.5 years with an initial capital investment of $125 million.
Estimated to hold 18.9 million tons of probable ore, first production is targeted for Q3, 2024, with output measured at up to 225,000 tpa.
Eager to capitalize on growing global demand, a number of lithium projects are underway across Africa.
energycapitalpower.com
Food for thought
Frank