Available online 29 December 2025, 101862
Neuromorphic Solar Edge AI for Sustainable Wildfire Detection
Author
Raúl Parada
Centre Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC/CERCA), Castelldefels, 08860, Catalonia, Spain
Available online 29 December 2025.
Cite
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2025.101862
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Highlights
- •
Neuromorphic edge AI drones achieve 87% solar autonomy for wildfire detection
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BrainChip Akida enables 4,200 patrol hours/year, 3× longer than CPU-based systems
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Fleet scaling reduces detection latency from 18 hours (1 drone) to 2.2 hours (8 drones)
Abstract
This paper presents a feasibility study of a solar-autonomous wildfire detection system using neuromorphic edge AI on fixed-wing drones. Through a comprehensive year-long simulation over Parc del Garraf (Catalonia), we evaluate three edge computing platforms, Raspberry Pi 4, Google Coral TPU, and BrainChip Akida, integrated into solar-optimized eBee X drones.
Results show that the BrainChip Akida achieves 4,200 patrol hours per year, nearly three times that of traditional CPU systems, while maintaining 87% solar energy autonomy. The Google Coral TPU and Raspberry Pi 4 reach 66% and 52% autonomy, respectively. Fleet scaling analysis demonstrates that increasing drone count from one to eight reduces median wildfire detection time from 18 to 2.2 hours, surpassing critical response thresholds. Seasonal analysis reveals Akida-based systems can operate fully on solar energy during summer and most of spring and fall, minimizing grid dependency. These findings establish neuromorphic computing as a foundational technology for sustainable, perpetual environmental monitoring within the Internet of Robotic Things (IoRT).
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Introduction
Wildfires are now responsible for billions of dollars in annual economic losses and hundreds of lives globally. In the Mediterranean basin, over 500,000 hectares are burned yearly, often with delayed detection times exceeding 12 hours. These delays critically hinder suppression efforts and exacerbate damage. As climate change intensifies droughts and heatwaves, the urgency for faster, autonomous detection systems grows [1]. Mediterranean ecosystems, in particular, face growing risk as traditional fire detection systems, relying on satellite imagery, human patrols, or fixed ground sensors, struggle with temporal latency, limited spatial coverage, and infrastructure dependency. Other proposals incorporate artificial intelligence (AI) and fifth generation (5G) for wildfire control [2], but such approaches still rely heavily on communication infrastructure.
Recent advances in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have opened new possibilities for continuous, real-time environmental monitoring. However, most current drone-based detection systems are hindered by significant energy limitations, requiring frequent manual recharging or access to grid-based infrastructure. This severely restricts their autonomy and scalability, especially in remote or high-risk natural environments where rapid response is critical.
The Internet of robotic things (IoRT) envisions fully autonomous, intelligent agents operating over long durations without human intervention. Achieving this vision in the context of wildfire monitoring demands breakthroughs in two main areas: (i) onboard decision-making through efficient Edge AI [3], and (ii) self-sustaining energy systems. While Edge AI reduces reliance on cloud connectivity and improves latency, traditional computing platforms such as CPUs or even typical TPUs consume too much power for extended operation. As such, they cannot meet the demands of uninterrupted surveillance missions without significant energy support.
Neuromorphic computing offers a compelling solution. By mimicking the efficiency of biological brains [4], neuromorphic processors such as BrainChip Akida enable ultra-low-power inference, operating at a fraction of the energy cost of conventional architectures. Coupled with solar energy harvesting, this opens the door to continuous aerial monitoring, without external energy input, for the first time to the best of our knowledge.
This work addresses the critical challenge of enabling truly autonomous environmental monitoring drones by combining neuromorphic Edge AI and solar energy systems. The core objectives of our study are:
- 1.
To quantify and compare the energy sustainability potential of neuromorphic and traditional edge computing platforms when deployed on UAVs in realistic wildfire surveillance scenarios.
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To simulate year-round operations using real solar irradiance and environmental data, modelling energy harvesting and consumption dynamics in detail.
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To establish practical benchmarks for operational availability, solar autonomy, and wildfire detection performance across different hardware configurations.
The rest of this paper is structured as follows: Section 2 reviews related work in UAV-based wildfire detection and sustainable edge AI. Section 3 details the simulation framework, hardware platforms, energy modeling, and fleet scaling strategies. Section 4 presents and analyzes the simulation results, including mission time allocation, solar autonomy, seasonal variations, and cost-effectiveness. Section 5 discusses the broader implications of these results for sustainable IoRT systems. Finally, Section 6 concludes the paper and outlines future research directions.
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Section snippets
Related Work
Recent years have witnessed significant progress in UAV-based wildfire detection, AI-enabled edge processing, and neuromorphic computing for environmental monitoring. Here, we provide a structured comparison of leading approaches and clarify the main research gaps that remain. …
Methodology
This section presents the complete simulation methodology designed to evaluate the energy autonomy, detection capacity, and mission viability of solar-powered drones equipped with different edge AI platforms, including neuromorphic computing. The simulation is implemented using Python and is verifiable via the accompanying codebase. It models the performance of drones operating autonomously over a full year, incorporating solar harvesting dynamics, energy consumption profiles, patrol logic, and…
Results and Analysis
This section presents the key simulation outcomes comparing the Raspberry Pi 4, Google Coral TPU, and BrainChip Akida. The results show that the Akida platform achieves 87% solar autonomy and 4,200 patrol hours per year—three times that of CPU-based systems. Analysis includes patrol time distribution, detection efficiency, seasonal performance, and cost-effectiveness. A fleet scaling study shows exponential reductions in wildfire detection latency with increasing drone count, achieving optimal…
Discussion and Implications
This section reflects on the broader implications of the simulation results, emphasizing the technological, environmental, and operational significance of solar-autonomous UAV systems. By analyzing how neuromorphic computing shifts the boundaries of edge AI deployment, we explore how energy efficiency, fleet scalability, and seasonal synergy contribute to a new paradigm in sustainable wildfire monitoring. Key findings are contextualized within the Internet of Robotic Things (IoRT) framework,…
Conclusions
This research demonstrates the first viable solar-autonomous wildfire detection system using neuromorphic edge AI, achieving 87% energy self-sufficiency through breakthrough power efficiency improvements. The comprehensive year-long simulation reveals that hardware architecture selection—specifically neuromorphic versus traditional computing—enables qualitatively different operational capabilities in autonomous systems. Key findings include a neuromorphic computing system enabling practical…
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Raúl Parada: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft, Visualization, Validation, Supervision, Software, Resources, Project administration, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation, Conceptualization. …
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. …
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