Hypersonic

uiux

Regular

WSU camera tech captures world-first data from ISS

In a world-first, Western Sydney University and the United States Air Force Academy have successfully received neuromorphic data sent from space after launching neuromorphic cameras on the International Space Station (ISS).
Developed and built by the University’s International Centre for Neuromorphic Systems (ICNS), the space-based cameras are part of Project Falcon Neuro – a joint initiative between the University and the US launched in December 2021, and recently installed on the International Space Station in January.

“These cameras don’t take pictures, but rather sense changes and only send those when they happen. This method of sensing the visual world allows them to perform tasks that simply cannot be done with a conventional camera,” said Associate Professor Cohen.

“Project Falcon Neuro is the first use of these sensors for earth observation from orbit, and the data received is the first neuromorphic data to be transmitted from space.”

The US Department of Defense Space Test Program provided the integration and operations of Falcon Neuro on the STP-H7 mission to the ISS.

Falcon Neuro was launched on 21 December 2021 to the International Space Station on the SpaceX CRS-24 resupply mission in the unpressurised cargo hold.

The cameras deployed as part of Falcon Neuro are biologically-inspired event-based cameras – the same revolutionary technology utilised in the Astrosite, an earth-bound mobile space situational awareness (SSA) system developed by ICNS.
 
  • Like
  • Fire
  • Love
Reactions: 16 users

TechGirl

Founding Member

WSU camera tech captures world-first data from ISS

In a world-first, Western Sydney University and the United States Air Force Academy have successfully received neuromorphic data sent from space after launching neuromorphic cameras on the International Space Station (ISS).
Developed and built by the University’s International Centre for Neuromorphic Systems (ICNS), the space-based cameras are part of Project Falcon Neuro – a joint initiative between the University and the US launched in December 2021, and recently installed on the International Space Station in January.

“These cameras don’t take pictures, but rather sense changes and only send those when they happen. This method of sensing the visual world allows them to perform tasks that simply cannot be done with a conventional camera,” said Associate Professor Cohen.

“Project Falcon Neuro is the first use of these sensors for earth observation from orbit, and the data received is the first neuromorphic data to be transmitted from space.”

The US Department of Defense Space Test Program provided the integration and operations of Falcon Neuro on the STP-H7 mission to the ISS.

Falcon Neuro was launched on 21 December 2021 to the International Space Station on the SpaceX CRS-24 resupply mission in the unpressurised cargo hold.

The cameras deployed as part of Falcon Neuro are biologically-inspired event-based cameras – the same revolutionary technology utilised in the Astrosite, an earth-bound mobile space situational awareness (SSA) system developed by ICNS.

Thanks Uiux, as always your research is unbelievable & I appreciate it so much, Thanks

"The cameras deployed as part of Falcon Neuro are biologically-inspired event-based cameras – the same revolutionary technology utilised in the Astrosite, an earth-bound mobile space situational awareness (SSA) system developed by ICNS."




Astrosite​


Benefits of event based Neuromorphic space imaging

Right now, overhead there are more than 4850 satellites—some of them the size of a breadbox—in orbit around Earth. The world’s dependence on space is growing.
Only about 40% of those satellites are active, so the potential for disruptions caused by dead satellites and debris in orbit that don’t perform as expected has increased the need to track and monitor objects in space.
Western Sydney University has been tackling this problem with bio inspired (neuromorphic) engineering principles. Using unique event based sensors on mobile telescopes, they have demonstrated the ability to capture and track real time orbital objects day and night.
The sensor consists of an asynchronous array of detectors for light intensity changes. Each pixel operates independently with microsecond response times.
The conventional way to “see” and track objects in orbit has been to use CCD (Charge-coupled device) sensors that collect high resolution images, mostly of empty space. This results in the CCD sensor collecting a significant amount of data that needs to be transported and analysed, and ultimately most of it will be discarded. The CCD sensors are also subject to being overpowered and saturated by daylight, just as the camera on your phone cannot take pictures into the sun.
Astrosite
Astrosite
Astrosite
Astrosite

Event based neuromorphic sensor

In contrast, the Neuromorphic event based sensors present a much more efficient and low power alternative, as targets in orbit can now be detected and tracked regardless of background brightness. The sensors deliver a continuous stream of independent events which means we can start to make predictions and estimates about the trajectory and orbit of objects.
Although orbital space is getting crowded, space is also really big and when observing a small section of it, there is a great deal of time when nothing happens. When using the event based sensors, we don’t report or do anything in such cases, so we can keep the data rate low and use little electrical power (which is important when these sensors are on their own satellites).
This approach and system is an Australian based innovation that is changing the way we look at the stars. Western Sydney University is leading the world and delivering a game changing capability to Australia.

If you would like to know more or want to be kept up to date search for #astrosite
Astrosite
Astrosite
Astrosite

For more information, please contact Associate Professor Greg Cohen:
Associate Professor Greg Cohen
Program Leader in Neuromorphic Systems - Algorithms
Email: g.cohen@westernsydney.edu.au

Astrosite – Introduction to Space Situational Awareness and Event-Based Sensors

As our world becomes more reliant on satellites, the potential for collisions between space objects is increasing. As a result, there is a critical need for accurate detection and tracking of satellites.
Here at Western Sydney University, the International Centre for Neuromorphic Systems have developed a novel way to track space objects.
In celebration of Research Week 2020, we invite you to join us for a video walk through of the Astrosite, a world first neuromorphic inspired mobile telescope observatory developed by our team, and hear from leading researchers in the field of space situational awareness using event based sensors.
 
  • Like
  • Fire
  • Love
Reactions: 14 users

WSU camera tech captures world-first data from ISS

In a world-first, Western Sydney University and the United States Air Force Academy have successfully received neuromorphic data sent from space after launching neuromorphic cameras on the International Space Station (ISS).
Developed and built by the University’s International Centre for Neuromorphic Systems (ICNS), the space-based cameras are part of Project Falcon Neuro – a joint initiative between the University and the US launched in December 2021, and recently installed on the International Space Station in January.

“These cameras don’t take pictures, but rather sense changes and only send those when they happen. This method of sensing the visual world allows them to perform tasks that simply cannot be done with a conventional camera,” said Associate Professor Cohen.

“Project Falcon Neuro is the first use of these sensors for earth observation from orbit, and the data received is the first neuromorphic data to be transmitted from space.”

The US Department of Defense Space Test Program provided the integration and operations of Falcon Neuro on the STP-H7 mission to the ISS.

Falcon Neuro was launched on 21 December 2021 to the International Space Station on the SpaceX CRS-24 resupply mission in the unpressurised cargo hold.

The cameras deployed as part of Falcon Neuro are biologically-inspired event-based cameras – the same revolutionary technology utilised in the Astrosite, an earth-bound mobile space situational awareness (SSA) system developed by ICNS.
Hi uiux,

The original event based camera they put on the ISS was prophesee and iniVation i think, but i saw last week something where this was stated by Gregory Cohen from WSU but he also said a new type ( my words there not theirs) was just put on the ISS. Had that many tabs opened at time and lost it.

SC
 
  • Like
Reactions: 4 users

uiux

Regular
Hi uiux,

The original event based camera they put on the ISS was prophesee and iniVation i think, but i saw last week something where this was stated by Gregory Cohen from WSU but he also said a new type ( my words there not theirs) was just put on the ISS. Had that many tabs opened at time and lost it.

SC

Check the first few massive posts in this thread, its in there somewhere
 
  • Like
Reactions: 3 users
Thanks mate. Forget more than remember these days

SC
 
  • Like
Reactions: 2 users

uiux

Regular

General Atomics Completes Guided Railgun Projectile Test

General Atomics Electromagnetic Systems (GA-EMS) has finished testing railgun-launched guided hypersonic projectile interceptors.

The test involved a 32-megajoule railgun and a 120 mm powder gun firing identical projectiles to demonstrate their “guided flight capabilities” at “record hypersonic velocities.”

It tested whether the projectile’s “gun-hardened guidance electronics” could sustain data links and control trajectory while undergoing “intense G-forces at hypersonic speeds.”

1647538198994.png
 
  • Like
  • Wow
Reactions: 6 users

Esq.111

Fascinatingly Intuitive.

General Atomics Completes Guided Railgun Projectile Test

General Atomics Electromagnetic Systems (GA-EMS) has finished testing railgun-launched guided hypersonic projectile interceptors.

The test involved a 32-megajoule railgun and a 120 mm powder gun firing identical projectiles to demonstrate their “guided flight capabilities” at “record hypersonic velocities.”

It tested whether the projectile’s “gun-hardened guidance electronics” could sustain data links and control trajectory while undergoing “intense G-forces at hypersonic speeds.”
Morning Uiux,

I could do with one of those.

I Have black birds scratching around in my garden , pretty little birds, but thay make a hell of a mess.

Great work with all articles shared.

Regards,
Esq.
 
  • Haha
  • Like
Reactions: 7 users
Morning Uiux,

I could do with one of those.

I Have black birds scratching around in my garden , pretty little birds, but thay make a hell of a mess.

Great work with all articles shared.

Regards,
Esq.
Wouldn't have to use blood and bone for awhile

SC
 
  • Haha
  • Like
Reactions: 4 users

hamilton66

Regular
continued

---



Mosaic 1:

https://eurasiantimes.com/us-plans-...tellites-russian-chinese-hypersonic-missiles/

The launch of these 28 spacecraft is expected to begin in late 2024. It would increase the number of missile-detection satellites in the Tracking Tranche 0, a batch of eight satellites currently being built by L3Harris and SpaceX for launch in 2023.


https://searchcloudcomputing.techta...ft-launches-Azure-Government-Top-Secret-cloud

Last year, Microsoft launched Azure Space to compete in the space segment of the infrastructure-as-a-service market. The company has partnered with Elon Musk's SpaceX to jointly develop connections between SpaceX's satellite-delivered Starlink broadband and Microsoft's Azure Modular Datacenter (MDC).




Microsoft Has Been Chosen To Build Advanced Chips For The U.S Military

"It was further stated that the Navy and Air Force both desire to leverage commercial capabilities to develop a RAMP prototype methodology. This means that the government is going to be one of the major users of these new futuristic chips."




WO2021206800 - DISTRIBUTED NEUROMORPHIC INFRASTRUCTURE

rNTKEBHfnySPwVLifH2UHz7gIfBhzGspFGnJZihrbcMdQbwGYTN1rd1gA5lDE-ZmmqFe4HQV9jE4iXpyOqBbHkjNfpGe4a_uVKPNqqJ4P3BoNN9_ngSWfM6Nw8auMV4WbCkeQnCY




US20210105421 - NEUROMORPHIC VISION WITH FRAME-RATE IMAGING FOR TARGET DETECTION AND TRACKING


Buj2z9CZbmS87j802170kfRXGPnI6zgze1983bbJX_rhQvCWuiw2poz3i9FhR5Gyo2BMy39hoRy-9txvDz_pfWNkm4X6T8ATWQsHyDZyh4iyqtXpM09R4z759lX9w_EDUY7AhQLp




Mosaic 2:


https://news.northropgrumman.com/ne...-tracking-space-sensor-critical-design-review

Northrop Grumman Completes Hypersonic and Ballistic Tracking Space Sensor Critical Design Review

Northrop Grumman Corporation (NYSE: NOC) recently completed the critical design review of the Hypersonic and Ballistic Tracking Space Sensor (HBTSS) prototype for the U.S. Missile Defense Agency (MDA). The review establishes the company’s technical approach for precise, timely sensor coverage to defeat ballistic and hypersonic missiles.


https://www.flightglobal.com/milita...rsonic-missile-testing-sensors/146832.article

Northrop to modify four EQ-4 Global Hawks with hypersonic missile testing sensors

The Department of Defense granted Northrop Grumman a contract to start reconfiguring four US Air Force (USAF) EQ-4 Block 20 Global Hawk unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) with sensors for tracking hypersonic missiles during tests.


https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=US300738519

US20200249080 - OPTICAL INFORMATION COLLECTION SYSTEM
Applicants
THOMAS EDMUND PETTY
NORTHROP GRUMMAN SYSTEMS CORPORATION

Abstract
An optical information collection system includes a neuromorphic sensor to collect optical information from a scene in response to change in photon flux detected at a plurality of photoreceptors of the neuromorphic sensor. A sensor stimulator stimulates a subset of the plurality of photoreceptors according to an eye movement pattern in response to a control command. A controller generates the control command that includes instructions to execute the eye movement pattern


9hiVDqk_PQk4nRfG62Fjw0eHF6sPR3wQZFkrG3gAVNmFyBKWkErMXjIR-wXsEZ_J2tGgav-fKXxZem35HoUeU6cnWbIHd2K0xlcznYy5wM3RtmOiH0juthiH-MSGcOSutZcSj1FZ



https://www.linkedin.com/posts/loud...ntelligence-activity-6610404160271601665-ADx0

4VhbirXgAbEM0Zdh9WNaSAHL2P0JKv0QOh8LYwYPWwC2ulF09Jn7_KLQQWxOnZsD5S7hhm_5qJjnaqjQN0-FGZ3a5-bvM2tzgSDr7hwXyTCFI1L-kRqQVpzh4LovNdv_H2xFXAWU



---

https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/how-pentagon-plans-deter-hypersonic-missile-attacks-197870

How the Pentagon Plans to Deter Hypersonic Missile Attacks

Computer processing is becoming faster and increasingly dependent on artificial intelligence.

If there is a way to stop hypersonic missile attacks, then it will likely rely heavily upon data sharing, high-speed data processing and artificial intelligence

the Defense Department is focused on developing new Hypersonic Ballistic Tracking Space Sensor technology that would establish a continuous track of fast-moving hypersonic missiles from “beyond-line-of-sight” by networking small satellites to one another.

“A method of doing that is potentially processing some of that data in real-time to a weapons database and transfer that data from the satellite system down to the weapon,” Mike Ciffone, Northrop Grumman’s director of Strategy, Capture & Operations,

For instance, some of the data processing can potentially be artificial-intelligence-enabled and also performed at the point of data receipt, essentially wherever the incoming sensor data first arrives.


https://www.flightglobal.com/milita...rsonic-missile-testing-sensors/146832.article


Northrop to modify four EQ-4 Global Hawks with hypersonic missile testing sensors

The US Department of Defense granted Northrop Grumman a contract to start reconfiguring four US Air Force (USAF) EQ-4 Block 20 Global Hawk unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) with sensors for tracking hypersonic missiles during tests.

The ”SkyRange” programme will integrate four EQ-4s with sensors to show that the UAVs can collect data on hypersonic missile tests. Modifications will be done at Northrop’s Grand Sky UAV-testing facility near Grand Forks, North Dakota.



https://news.northropgrumman.com/ne...skyrange-program-for-us-department-of-defense

Northrop Grumman Global Hawk to Expand Participation in SkyRange Program for US Department of Defense

The SkyRange program will equip the four high-altitude, long-endurance EQ-4 aircraft with sensors to demonstrate an alternative data collection support system to support testing U.S. hypersonic systems. Modifications of the Block 20 jets are expected to occur at Northrop Grumman’s Grand Sky facility near Grand Forks, North Dakota.

“The SkyRange program exploits the intrinsic strengths of Global Hawk – altitude, persistence, payload, and flexibility,” said Jane Bishop, vice president and general manager, global surveillance, Northrop Grumman. “Grand Sky’s high-tech facility with a modern 35,000 square foot hangar provides the ideal location for engineering modifications to Global Hawk in support of the SkyRange program.


interesting history:

from Dec 16, 2020

https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-awards-contract-for-global-hawk-skyrange-program

NASA Awards Contract for Global Hawk Skyrange Program

NASA has selected Northrop Grumman Systems Corp. (NGSC) of San Diego to provide demonstration engineering, manufacturing, and technical support for the Global Hawk Skyrange program at the agency’s Armstrong Flight Research Center in Edwards, California.The firm-fixed price contract begins Tuesday, Dec. 15, and runs through Dec. 14, 2025, with a total value of $70 million with no options.The Skyrange program will obtain engineering, technical and fight operations, and maintenance support from NGSC for the program at Armstrong. Skyrange goals are to equip high-altitude, long-endurance aircraft with sensors to demonstrate an alternative data collection support system for remote long-range flight test activities.



https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/...development-agency-orders-more-work-on-hyper/

Space Development Agency orders more work on hypersonic missile tracking

L3Harris Technologies and Moog Engineering have received a $7.87 million contract for supplemental work with the Space Development Agency (SDA) on satellites to track hypersonic missiles.The two companies will support work to ‘develop and deliver space vehicles to detect and track hypersonic vehicles from low Earth orbit [LEO]’, the DoD announced on 14 December.


https://www.tullahomanews.com/news/business/l3harris-completes-final-us-missile-defense-agency-satellite-design-milestone/article_8ce9b1e6-b4f1-5683-a434-507c37888dc9.html

L3Harris Completes Final US Missile Defense Agency Satellite Design Milestone

L3Harris Technologies (NYSE:LHX) completed the final major design milestone on the U.S. Missile Defense Agency’s (MDA) Hypersonic and Ballistic Tracking Space Sensor (HBTSS) program Phase IIb On-orbit Prototype Demonstration and has already begun building the demonstration satellite.

HBTSS is one of several proposed systems within the Department of Defense’s next-generation proliferated low-Earth orbit space architecture. The program’s objective is to demonstrate the capability to detect and track traditional and emerging missile threats using infrared sensors and advanced processing capability.
U, that's a piss poor effort. Could I please have some more information?
GLTA
 
  • Haha
  • Like
Reactions: 6 users

uiux

Regular

Peter Dutton says space command needed as some countries ‘see space as a territory for their taking’

Dutton will on Tuesday “officially announce” that Australia’s Defence space command has now been established, bringing together personnel from the air force, the navy and the army – as the government foreshadowed last year.

In an advance copy of the speech, he says the command – headed by air vice-marshal Cath Roberts – “will initially be modest compared to those similar, well-established functions which already exist among some of our allies”.
 
  • Like
  • Fire
Reactions: 7 users

Quatrojos

Regular

Peter Dutton says space command needed as some countries ‘see space as a territory for their taking’

Dutton will on Tuesday “officially announce” that Australia’s Defence space command has now been established, bringing together personnel from the air force, the navy and the army – as the government foreshadowed last year.

In an advance copy of the speech, he says the command – headed by air vice-marshal Cath Roberts – “will initially be modest compared to those similar, well-established functions which already exist among some of our allies”.
Air Vice-Marshall Roberts:

“AI will become embedded across every area of Defence from logistics to supply chain to combat.”

Air Vice Marshal Roberts said the benefits of AI were “enormous”.

“In fact, the expected impact of AI has been likened to the way electricity changed our world,” she said.

“Think of the opportunities and benefits it will bring to each one of us.

 
  • Like
  • Fire
Reactions: 14 users

uiux

Regular
Air Vice-Marshall Roberts:

“AI will become embedded across every area of Defence from logistics to supply chain to combat.”

Air Vice Marshal Roberts said the benefits of AI were “enormous”.

“In fact, the expected impact of AI has been likened to the way electricity changed our world,” she said.

“Think of the opportunities and benefits it will bring to each one of us.


Air Vice Marshal Roberts features in the videos related to MANTIS and other neuromorphic tech
 
  • Like
  • Fire
Reactions: 8 users
Air Vice Marshal Roberts features in the videos related to MANTIS and other neuromorphic tech
“This is a pathfinder for us in artificial intelligence and creating smart human-machine teams"

This terminology is starting to permeate those we suspect or know are working with AKIDA - Mercedes for instance.

I wonder if it will become a hallmark.

My opinion only DYOR
FF

AKIDA BALLISTA
 
  • Like
Reactions: 9 users

uiux

Regular

Biden's $813.3 BILLION defense budget: President wants $5B for a missile warning system based in SPACE and $2B for a rocket interceptor in response to North Korea's intercontinental ballistic missile launch

A White House official told Bloomberg News that that it marked one of the biggest national security investments in American history, strengthening allies in Europe and the Indo-Pacific as well as providing assistance to Ukraine.

It also comes amid a string of warnings that the U.S. is falling behind China in and Russia in defense technology, including in the development of hypersonic weapons and the use of Artificial Intelligence.

China last year tested a hypersonic weapon - defined as being able to travel at five to 25 times the speed of sound, and capable of outmaneuvering missile defense systems - while Russia claims to have used at least two during its invasion of Ukraine.

The request includes $130.1 billion for research and development - reportedly the Pentagon's biggest request in that category - for both of those areas.

Some $5 billion will be directed to a space-based missile warning system to pick up threats worldwide.
 
  • Like
  • Fire
Reactions: 14 users

uiux

Regular

The Department of Defense Releases the President's Fiscal Year 2023 Defense Budget

Space and Space-Based Systems ($27.6 billion). Investments include:
  • Space Based Overhead Persistent Infrared (OPIR) Systems - $4.7 billion
 
  • Like
  • Fire
Reactions: 11 users

uiux

Regular

Missile Defense Agency Officials Hold a News Briefing on President Biden's Fiscal 2023 Missile Defense Budget

1648670477933.png


Hypersonic missiles pose a new challenge to our missile defense systems. These threats can travel at exceptional speeds and unpredictable flight paths. The development and deployment of missile defense systems to counter these advanced threats presents unique, but surmountable challenges, which require further development and technology investments. As I will highlight, the Missile Defense Agency's F.Y. '23 budget request includes key investments to address these challenges. Next chart please.

The Missile Defense Agency mission is to develop and deploy a layered missile defense system to defend the United States, its deployed forces, allies, and friends from missile attacks in all phases of flight. As I've discussed, the need to invest in new capability development and advanced technologies to improve our missile defense systems is critical. We must also continue to operate and maintain our fielded systems to the highest level of system readiness and reliability, and continue to produce and field missile defense capacity, including delivery of additional interceptors and radars. The balance between current and future capability is required to meet more fighter demand, and our F.Y. '23 budget request reflects this commitment. Next chart please.

1648670577400.png


1648670587560.png


1648670921508.png


ADM. HILL: (Inaudible). Thank you. So, I'll -- I'll spell out the acronym first though so we -- we understand what we're talking about here. Hypersonic Ballistic Tracking Space Sensor, so it is a sensor that we're in close coordination with Space Development Agency and the Space Force to work it into their overall OPIR enterprise. So that will be the big decision for us after '23. We're going to have data available in '23 just like many of the other systems that were discussed today, and then the decisions be made to -- to go forward to proliferate.

Right now, going to '23 is taking what we've done on the ground. We really worked hard to de-risk the program. So, you've probably heard me talk about some of the ground testing we have done where we have pulled the hot targets off of the warm earth, and that is not easy. But the companies have performed very well, and we're going to take them into space in -- into that environment, and we're going to pull that data down. We're going to put it in the fire control loop. And -- and if we prove to ourselves that this is worth doing then we'll proliferate, but that will be done as part of the larger OPIR enterprise.
 
  • Like
  • Fire
  • Love
Reactions: 15 users

JDelekto

Regular
It seems that while Russia was showing off their Hypersonic missile during the Ukraine War, the US finally had a successful test of the Lockheed Martin HAWC back in March, but kept it quiet to avoid an escalation.

I am pretty sure we can bet that they are not only stepping up testing with the other companies like Northrop Grumman and Raytheon but are also actively looking heavily into technologies, like the "Hypersonic and Ballistic Tracking Space Sensor" from Northrop and L3Harris that can detect and track these hypersonic missiles.

As an article in Scientific American put it, "Tracking the missiles is like picking out one light bulb against a background of light bulbs..." I can only imagine that they could certainly make use of AI with HBTSS and I think neuromorphic processors such as BrainChip's Akida, augmented with VORAGO's radiation hardening would be perfect for these tracking satellites.
 
  • Like
  • Fire
Reactions: 6 users

uiux

Regular

WSU teams up with Swedish space company

Western Sydney University’s International Centre for Neuromorphic Systems (ICNS) has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Swedish Space Corporation (SSC) in a move to formalise and strengthen international space observation research partnerships and collaborations.

“We are very excited to be working with Swedish Space Corporation who are an active and important member of the European Space community. Our new partnership will allow our team to further our reach internationally and introduce our technology and solutions to the global space community,” Associate Professor Cohen said.

“Synching up multiple Astrosite observatories in the Southern hemisphere, and possibly the Northern hemisphere in the near future, will allow us to gather more data than ever before that will be mutually beneficial to the global space sector,” he said.

Jacob Ask, Space Situational Awareness Program Architect at Swedish Space Corporation says as part of a new Space Situational Awareness program, the SSC are developing a modern surveillance and tracking capability in Western Australia that will link and share data with Australian and potential future European sites as outlined in the MoU.
 
  • Like
  • Fire
Reactions: 15 users
  • Like
Reactions: 5 users
Top Bottom